Music Concert Report Essay Example for Free

Music Concert Report Essay The highly respected jazz trio made up of pianist Bill Charlap, bassist Kenny Washington and drummer Peter Washington played for about an hour an a half. Their smooth melodies and precise playing worked perfectly together to give a great performance against the New York City skyline at Dizzys Club Coca-Cola. The trio opened up the show with a song called â€Å"Ill Remember April†. The song was originally written in 1941 by Gene de Paul (Wilson, McElrath, Tyle). â€Å"Ill Remember April† first performance was in a very atypical setting. The song was not performed in a Broadway play or Jazz Club but rather the 1942 comedy Called Ride Em Cowboy. Actor Dick Foran sang the song in what a critic at the time called, â€Å"I’ll Remember April’ was an oasis of sanity in the madness† (Wilson, McElrath, Tyle). Although an odd start the movie Ride Em Cowboy proved to be significant in the Jazz community for another reason as well. In the movie the famous jazz vocalist Ella Fitzgerald appeared in her first film role playing an employee at the dude ranch named Ruby (Ill Remember April (1941)). â€Å" She projected a light, frothy, easy-going humor† in her performance of â€Å"A-Tisket, A-Tasket† (Ill Remember April (1941)). This movie brought out just how significant jazz music was at the time because it made a mediocre film come to life. This was not Gene De Pauls first time creating a brilliant jazz song. The pianist, composer and arranger had written many songs before for Hollywood films and Broadway shows such as â€Å"You Dont Know What Love is† and â€Å"Star Eyes† (Ill Remember April (1941)). He had worked with many lyricists before but on this particular song Gene de Paul worked with his friend Don Raye and Patricia Johnston (Ill Remember April (1941)). The lyrics portrays two distant lovers remembering the past and have a close connection with Dorothy Fields â€Å"The Way You Look Tonight† (Ill Remember April (1941)). The song entered the pop charts in the spring of 1942 after being recorded by Woody Herman and his Orchestra. The song did not catch on quickly because it differed in many ways from the typical pop song of the time. The melody and form separated â€Å"Ill Remember April† the most from other music of the time. Songs of the time usually followed an A-A-B-A form, repeating a lot giving it a catchy tune. â€Å"Ill Remember April† however, used a 48-bar A-B-C-D-A-B form making it seem long and dragged out compared to other popular jazz songs. Wilson, McElrath, Tyle) â€Å" Beboppers Charlie Parker and Bud Powell were among the first to explore the song’s unconventional structure, followed by an influential 1950 recording by Red Norvos trio with Tal Farlow and Charles Mingus† (Ill Remember April (1941)). The actually musicality of the song is quite complex with many chord changes and key changes. The song starts off in G but has a â€Å"false key change to Bb major during the first eight measures of the bridge† (Wilson, McElrath, Tyle). The tone of the song is major it moves rather step wise throughout. The chord progression of the song is a twist and turn roller coaster taking you from a G to a E major back to the G then to a D7. This is important because it allows for many different substitutions of chords and improvisations. (Wilson, McElrath, Tyle) One of the most important and defining elements in Jazz is improvisation. It is expected that during any jazz performance one or more musicians will improvise. Improvisation is so common that most of the time a musician will not perform the same piece the same way twice. However the freedom given to jazz musicians does come with some boundaries. â€Å"Ill Remember April† gives much leeway to improvisation as long as they are â€Å"chosen carefully so as to at least imply a logical harmonic progression† (Wilson, McElrath, Tyle). Typical jazz instruments are the saxophone, clarinet, flute, vibraphone, trumpet, piano, guitar, banjo, tuba, double bass, bass guitar, vocals, trombone and drum kit. The size of the band can vary greatly in jazz however from an ensembles which can have as little as two people to big bands that can have as many as 30 people. The Jazz show that I saw was a trio including a pianist, bassist and drummer. The setting in which I saw â€Å"ll Remember April† performed is much different then the setting I would have seen it in 1942. I saw the song be performed in a rather fancy evening setting at a Jazz Club where there was dinners and drinks being served. The club was modern and well designed. The backdrop behind the performers was a large window outlooking part of the New York City skyline. Around 75 people went to the club to watch a well respected trio play their rendition of â€Å"Ill Remember April†, as well as several other songs. In 1942 I would not have been able to go to a club one night and be served dinner as I listened to a band play the song. At first the only way to hear the song was in the movies it was featured in. The song was featured in the 1942 film Ride em Cowboy as I had mentioned earlier, it was also in the 1942 movie Strictly in the Groove and was again featured in the 1945 movie Eve Knew Her Apples. It is not until later that I would have been able to sit down at a jazz club or concert hall to see the piece be performed. Anita Boyer recording of â€Å"Ill Remember April† appeared on the album The nat King Cole Trio: The MacGregor Years 1941-1945 disc 4 (Wilson, McElrath, Tyle). Since then â€Å"Ill Remember April† has been recorded hundreds of times by various artists throughout the years. â€Å"The song’s unconventional characteristics became assets, and it found favor as a bop vehicle† (Wilson, McElrath, Tyle). Each performance of â€Å"Ill Remember April† takes on its own identity according to the performer. Artists have put their own twists on the song sometimes even implying a â€Å"Latin-feel† or they have stuck close to the original. The aspect of flexibility while maintaining the same brilliant theme makes â€Å"Ill Remember April† so exciting making artists recreate the classic for years. Before going to the concert I listened to â€Å"Ill Remember April† performed by Charlie Parker. Charlie Parker was an extremely influential jazz saxophonist. He recorded â€Å"Ill Remember April† on July 5, 1950. While having the same melody Charlie Parkers version of â€Å"Ill Remember April† and the Bill Charlap Trios version differed greatly. The biggest difference was the use of instruments. The Bill Charlap Trio did not include a saxophone. I had expected to hear a saxophone so at first it took a second for my ears to adjust when the Bill Charlap Trio began to play the song. I personally preferred the saxophone. I thought it gave the song a very demanding tone catching the audiences attention while at the same time it gave the song a very magically, flowing feeling. The saxophone was also backed up by other instruments like the piano which gave it a full rich sound. The piano, bass, and drums of the Bill Charlap Trio also gave a good performance however I felt it lacked a clear â€Å"lead† instrument how the saxophone did for Parkers rendition. One aspect I did like more in the Bill Charlap Trios version was the elongated piano solo. Solos are very important in jazz music and they occur often. Solos give artists the opportunity to improvisation keeping the piece fresh and giving it an element of surprise. Throughout the Bill Charlap Trios performance there were many solos. In â€Å"Ill Remember April† it was the pianos time to shine. I enjoyed the solo because it showed off Bill Charlaps talent and kept the piece exciting. An interesting aspect of his solo was he included a verse from Dorothy Fieldss â€Å"The Way You Look Tonight† which as I mentioned earlier gave inspiration to the writing of â€Å"Ill Remember April†. Overall I enjoyed listening the piece live better than the recording because it allowed the music to â€Å"come alive† rather than just listening to a recording. Going to the concert opened my eyes to what seems to be a whole new world. I was very anxious and nerve about what to expect when I went to the Jazz Club but when I got there I was pleasantly surprised. The music was entertaining and I loved the experience. Looking up the history of the songs continued to spark my interest. It is very interesting to see how music written seventy years ago is still influential and played in modern settings such as a Jazz Club.

Biodegradation of HCB

Biodegradation of HCB 1-2-1- Degradation of HCB under anaerobic condition: In the past decade, the usage of HCB prohibited in many country but HCB has been found as hazardous pollutants in many places worldwide. Biodegradation of HCB is possible in environmental under anaerobic conditions such as sodium, groundwater and soil but the progress is very slowly (Beurskens and others, 1992; Chang and others, 1997). Some reports documented about biodegradation in sediments (Chen and others, 2002; Chen and others, 2004; Hirano and others, 2007; Pavlostathis and Prytula, 2000; Prytula and Pavlostathis, 1996), soil (Watanabe and Yoshikawa, 2008). Degradation of CLD[2] in anaerobic sewage sludge was reported by (Fathepure and others, 1988), The authors observed greater than 90% pesticide removal after 3 weeks. The only Three strains of bacteria capability of degrading Hexachlorobenzene via reductive dechlorination have been isolated (TaÃ…Å ¸ and others, 2011), that including Dehalobium chlorocoercia DF-1 (Wu and others, 2002), Dehalococcoides sp. strain CBDB1 and Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195 (Adrian and others, 2000; Fennell and others, 2004; TasÃÅ' §, 2009; TaÃ…Å ¸ and others, 2009).      1-2-2- Metabolites and Mechanism of Anaerobic Dechlorination Anaerobic degradation reductive dechlorination of HCB was first reported in 1987 (Fathepure and others, 1988). So far, the pathway that is known for the microbial degradation of HCB under anaerobic canditions by coupling reductive dehalogenation to electron transport (Beurskens and others, 1994; Chen and others, 2000; Hirano and others, 2007; TaÃ…Å ¸ and others, 2011). Chlorinated aromatics can serve as electron acceptors (Fathepure and others, 1988). Reductive dechlorination pathways is shown in figure 1 and HCB were dechlorinated via 1,2,3,5-and 1,2,4,5-tetrachIorobenzene (TeCB), 1,3,5- and 1,2,4-TCB , 1,2,4-TCB[3] and 1,3-DCB[4] . they are final dechlorination products (Beurskens and others, 1992; Boyd and others, 1987; Fathepure and others, 1988; Holliger and others, 1992). 1-3- Biodegradation of DDT[5] 1-3-1- Degradation of DDT under anaerobic condition: DDT was the first synthetic insecticide. Nowadays, use of this persistent organic pollutants is prohibited in most countries, but still DDT is ubiquitous in the environment all (Purnomo and others, 2011; Sudharshan and others, 2012). DDT can be biodegradation or mineralized by multistep processes in both aerobic and anaerobic condition. For example sediments capibilty of utilizing persistent pesticides and degradation even mineralized by aerobic and anaerobic degradation (Fang and others, 2014). Thus far, species within the genera Pseudomonas (Chacko and Lockwood, 1967; Kamanavalli and Ninnekar, 2004), Sphingomonas (Chacko and Lockwood, 1967; Fang and others, 2014), Desulfomonile tiedjei (DeWeerd and others, 1990) and Eubacterium limosum (ATCC 8486) is isolated from the human intestine (Yim and others, 2008), and Alcaligenes denitrificans (Ahuja and Kumar, 2003)‎ have been found to metabolize DDT. (Corona-Cruz and others, 1999), reported anaerobic coupled with aerobic biodegrad ation of DDT and maximum DDT degradation of 84.4 %. 1-3-2- Metabolites and Mechanism of Anaerobic Dechlorination Biodegradation pathway of DDT is multistep process in anaerobic environment, involving reductive dechlorination, dioxygenation, hydrogenation, hydroxylation, decarboxylation, hydrolysis (a major transformation pathway in soil and water in the presence of H2O, H+, and OH ¯ ), and meta-ring cleavage reactions. Biodegradation pathway of DDT is multistep process in anaerobic environment involving reductive dechlorination such as three degradation step (DDT→DDD,DDE[6]), hydrogenation, dioxygenation, hydroxylation, decarboxylation and meta-ring cleavage reactions(Rangachary and others, 2012). That is different from the degradation pathways for anaerobic biodegradation but high-order metabolites such as DDA, DDOH[7] and DDNU (Aislabie and others, 1997). (Wedemeyer, 1967), reported first metabolic pathways for DDT by aerobacter aerogenes that shown at the bottom: DDT → DDD[8] →DDMU[9] →DDMS[10] → DDNU[11] → DDA[12] → DBP[13], or DDT → DDE. Researches were lack of information about DDT degradation. Later, (Planche and others, 1979) indicted DDE could be degraded to DDMU by a microcosm under anaerobic sediments.biodegradation pathway in sediment shown on figure 2. DDT and its metabolites in the sediment: DDT →DDD → DDMS and DDE → DDMU (Li and others, 2010; Quensen and others, 2001; Sudharshan and others, 2012) and the relative transformation rates of DDT, DDE, and DDD is DDT>DDD>DDE (Huang and others, 2001), so DDD was the major biodegradation product of DDT under anaerobic environments (Mwangi and others, 2010; Yu and others, 2011). DDT metabolic reports in human intestinal gut by (Yim and others, 2008), that Eubacterium limosum transformed DDT completely to DDD and used DDT as electron donors. 1-4- Biodegradation of heptachlor 1-4-1- Degradation of heptachlor under anaerobic condition Anaerobic degradation reductive dechlorination of HCB was first reported in 1987 (Fathepure and others, 1988). So far, the pathway that is known for the microbial degradation of HCB under anaerobic canditions by coupling reductive dehalogenation to electron transport (Beurskens and others, 1994; Chen and others, 2000; Hirano and others, 2007; TaÃ…Å ¸ and others, 2011). Chlorinated aromatics can serve as electron acceptors (Fathepure and others, 1988). Reductive dechlorination pathways is shown in figure 1 and HCB were dechlorinated via 1,2,3,5-and 1,2,4,5-tetrachIorobenzene (TeCB), 1,3,5- and 1,2,4-TCB , 1,2,4-TCB[3] and 1,3-DCB[4] . they are final dechlorination products (Beurskens and others, 1992; Boyd and others, 1987; Fathepure and others, 1988; Holliger and others, 1992). Heptachlor used as insecticide. Heptachlor is mostly persistent in environment (Sakai and others, 2008). Under anaerobic conditions, heptachlor is showed only limited conversion (Hill and McCarty, 1967). T he data available on this substance indicate that heptachlor is degraded for more than several years in soil (Lichtenstein and others, 1970; Mahugija, 2014; Miles and others, 1969). (Sethunathan and Yoshida, 1973), this paper is a research about Clostridium sp. that isolated from flooded soil for degradation ÃŽ ³-BHC and heptachlor. 1-4-2- Metabolites and Mechanism of Anaerobic Dechlorination Biotransformation of heptachlor is not easy and simple but occur in both situations anaerobic and aerobic, mainly to the stable heptachlor epoxide (Lichtenstein and others, 1970). (Hayashi and others, 2013) , have reported that heptachlor was degraded a small amount to heptachlor epoxide in soil. Figure3 shown this degradation pathway. 1-5- Biodegradation of endrin and dieldrin 1-5-1-Degradation of endrin and dieldrin under anaerobic condition Of the year 1960s began studies on biodegradation of endrin and dieldrin that more researches were reported about the aerobic biodegradation (Matsumoto and others, 2009). Biodegradation of dieldrin and endrin was reviewed in 2007 and 1982 (Lal and Saxena, 1982; Matsumoto and others, 2009). (GOWDA and Sethunathan, 1977), studied that endrin proceeded under anaerobic conditions in three soils by radiotracer technique. Thay have reported anaerobic microbial strains could degrade various types of POPs such as ,heptachlor, dieldrin, aldrin, endrin and HCB. These strains isolated from PCB-contaminated sediment. (Baczynski and others, 2004), reported that methanogenic granular sludge could dechlorination of cyclodiene pesticides such as dieldrin and endrin.(Baczynski and others, 2004), studied methanogenic granular sludge with purpose dechlorinate dieldrin and endrin. Biodegradation studies under anaerobic conditions are summarized in Table 2. 1-5-2- Metabolites and Mechanism of Anaerobic Dechlorination Deldrin has simple mechanism reported by (Maule and others, 1987) that is the deletion of the chlorine atom from chlorinated hydrocarbon. (Chiu and others, 2005), reported cleaving the epoxide ring by a mechanism of epoxide reduction by anaerobic enrichment culture obtained from river sediment. So, they are the Transformation of deldrin to aldrin then aldrin is converted to two syn- and anti-monodechlorodieldrin metabolites by epoxide reduction. Researches show only two monochlorinated metabolites of endrin under anaerobic transformation so it can say bacteria have a catalyzed role in reductive dehalogenation (Matsumoto and others, 2009). 1-6- Biodegradation of lindane and HCH-isomers 1-6-1-Degradation of lindane and HCH-isomers under anaerobic condition Lindane and the other HCH isomers have been used in agriculture as a pesticide. There are little knowledge about anaerobic HCH degradation. It has not been reporte on the anaerobic biodegradation of the ÃŽ µ –HCH (Lal and others, 2010). While the four HCH isomers can degrade under anaerobic conditions .Thus far, species within the genera Dehalobacter (Doesburg and others, 2005), Clostridium spp (Jagnow and others, 1977; MacRae and others, 1969), Bacillus circulans and Bacillus Brevis (Gupta and others, 2000) and two Desulfovibrio species (Boyle and others, 1999), Citrobacter (such as ,C. butyricum, C. pasteurianum and Citrobacter freundii) (Heritage and MacRae, 1977; Heritage and Rae, 1977), Desulfococcus (Elango and others, 2011) and Desulfobacter curvatus (Badea and others, 2009) have been found to metabolize the lindane and HCH-isomers. (Van Eekert and others, 1998), have studied, capable of degrading beta-HCH using a upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors with methanogenic granular sludges. A number of studies have utilized for degradation isomer-HCH of anaerobic mixed bacterial culture such as (Kohnen and others, 1975) that mixed culture consisting of Bacilli. Mixed culture Clostridia and C. butyricum, C. pasteurianum and Citrobacter freundii. Thay are shown degradation rate in the following order ÃŽ ³-HCH > ÃŽ ±-HCH > ÃŽ ²-HCH = ÃŽ ´-HCH (Jagnow and others, 1977). (Pesce and Wunderlin, 2004) isolated bacteria from sediment and have used in aerobic mixed bacterial culture including Bosea thiooxidans and Sphingobacterium paucimobilis, degraded HCH after 3 days. 1-6-2- Metabolites and Mechanism of anaerobic Dechlorination the mechanism of biotransformation of HCH-isomer and lindane under anaerobic condition is explained with detection of intermediates substance of the presumed pathway. According to papers and reports, intermediates of HCH such as TeCCHs[16], PeCCHs[17] , PCCHa[18] (Buser and Mueller, 1995). (Tsukano and Kobayashi, 1972), abserved TeCCH flooded rice field soils treated with lindan but this intermediates was not found in soils treated with sodium azide or in soils without lindane treatment. suggested two degradation pathway for HCH isomers under anaerobic conditions, Based upon identify the intermediates material gama-, alfa-HCH → PCCHa (with a dechlorination) → 1,2-DCB[19] → 1,3-DCB→ finally CB for ÃŽ ²- and ÃŽ ´-HCH → TeCCH → 1,2,3-TCB → 1,2-DCB → 1,4-DCB → CB[20] The other Simpler pathway for the reductive dehalogenation of HCH is: HCH → TeCCH → dichlorocyclohexadiene ( DCCH) → finally benzene (Doesburg and others, 2005; Lal and others, 2010). Most papers of anaerobic degradation reported the accumulation of benzene and chlorobenzene (Buser and Mueller, 1995; Middeldorp and others, 1996; Zhu and others, 2005). that Figure3 shown this pathways. 1-7- Biodegradation of Methoxychlor 1-7-1-Degradation of Methoxychlor under anaerobic condition Methoxychlor [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl) ethane] is a hazardous substance and stable for this reason, is one of POPs. Methoxychlor have a half-life : Enterobacter amnigenus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis,Klebsiella terrigena, Mycobacterium obuense, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and Achromobacter. Biodegradation studies of OCPs under anaerobic conditions are summarized in Table 2. Figure 3v: Proposed pathway for anaerobic biodegradation of HCH under a) alfa- HCH b) gama and beta- HCH (Doesburg and others, 2005; Lal and others, 2010) 1-7-2- Metabolites and Mechanism of anaerobic Dechlorination Microbial species and pathway dechlorination of methoxychlor in the environment are not well-known or there are few reports (Castro and Yoshida, 1971; Masuda and others, 2011b). Enterobacter aerogenes were capable of degrading methoxychlor to DMDD [21] under anaerobic conditions (Mendel and Walton, 1966). Eubacterium limosum is a bacteria from human intestine that has been able degrades of methoxychlor to 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(pmethoxyphenyl) ethane (methoxydichlor) (Yim and others, 2008). Also, K. pneumoniae converts methoxychlor to [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethane, de-Cl-MXC] (Baarschers and others, 1982). [1] hexachlorobenzene (HCB) [2] Chlordane (CLD) [3] -trichlorobenzene (TCB) [4] 1,3-dichlorobenzene (1,3-DCB) [5] 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) [6] 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) [7] 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol (DDOH) [8] 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDD) [9] 1-chloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDMU) [10] 1-chloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDMS) [11] 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDNU) [12] 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid (DDA) [13] 4,4-dichlorobenzophenone (DBP) [14] Removal and rate [15] Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT) [16] tetrachlorocyclohexenes (TeCCHs) [17] pentachlorocyclohexenes (PeCCHs) [18] pentachlorocyclohexanes (PCCHa) [19] dichlorobenzene (DCB ) [20] Chlorobenzene [21] bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,1–dichloroethane (DMDD)

Body Modification :: Body Piercings Essays

Body Modification: A Rising Sensation A heavily tattooed woman pinched my nose and picked up a gargantuan needle with her other hand. â€Å"Whoa...hold on,† I muttered. â€Å"What’s the matter?† â€Å"You have got to be kidding me. You can’t pierce me with that!† â€Å"Uh...why not?† â€Å"It’s waaaay too big! You can’t just take a chopstick and jab a hole into my face with it...† â€Å"Listen...do you want this piercing or not? I have a whole line of people waiting outside to be in this chair.† I stared in horror at the fearsome needle taunting me to challenge its glinting tip. I closed my eyes, prayed with every cell in my body for the pain to be minimal, and grimaced as she expertly twirled the needle between her fingers and then slid it through my flesh in one fluid motion. When I took a peek, I gaped cross-eyed at the foreign object jutting out of my nose and smiled. I don’t remember what state of mind I was in when I walked into the parlor, but I left victorious! Throughout history, people have decorated and modified the appearance of their bodies in many different ways. Nostril piercings are thought to have been adopted into the noble castes in the Middle East almost 4000 years ago. Nowadays, nostril piercings have been adopted by Christina Aguilera. In South America, Aztec and Mayan priests pierced their tongues as part of a ritual to communicate with their gods. In several African tribes, the beauty of women was determined by the size of plates that were fitted into their upper lips. In ancient civilizations of Egypt, a â€Å"perfect belly button† could elevate someone’s social standing. At that time, only Pharaohs and royal families could pierce their navels. Anyone else was promptly executed. A â€Å"perfect belly button†, however, could be a peasant’s ticket to a better life. The ancient Romans pierced their nipples (ouch) to show their strength and endurance. It is also theorized that their nipple jewelry he ld their cloaks in place! To this day, piercings have continued to capture human curiosity and fascination. The world record for the highest number of body piercings is one of the most volatile since it is constantly adjusting as each prickled being attempts to outdo the previous one. In 2002, Nathan Robitaille, 23, had 420 needles stuck into his arms, thus breaking the previous world record of 301 piercings.

Torte Law :: legal trial court

1. Explain the most important role of the trial judge in a legal proceeding. Answer1. The most important role of the trial judge is to keep order in the court and is in charge when a jury is present to make sure that the lawyers do not use improper methods to influence the jury during the case. 2. When a trial court makes a legal error in deciding case, what steps must the party take to have the legal error reviewed? Answer 2. If the trial court makes an error then the party needs to take the case to the appeals court. The job of the appeals court is to review the proceeding of the trial court and correct legal errors made by the trial judge. They must accept all the trial court’s 3. Why does a person seek an equitable (equity) remedy in a civil case when instead of a remedy law? Describe difference between an equitable remedy at law Answer 3. A remedy is a form of court enforcement of a legal right resulting from a successful civil lawsuit. Remedies fall into three general categories: (1) Damages - monetary compensation for the plaintiff's losses, injury, and/or pain or restitution measures designed to restore the plaintiff's status to what it was prior to the violation of his or her rights, (2) Coercive remedies - requiring a party to do or omit doing a specific act through injunctive relief or a court order of specific performance (3) Declaratory judgment - the court determines individual rights in a specific situation without awarding damages or ordering particular action. Monetary damages are often referred to as a legal remedy while coercive and declaratory remedies are termed equitable remedies. 4. State the name of the document used to commence a civil lawsuit against a defendant. Answr4. The name of the document used to commence a civil lawsuit against a defendant is called â€Å"summons† 5. Define substantive law-sets out the rights and duties governing people as thy act in society. Creates or defines rights, privileges, duties, obligations, and causes of action that can be enforced by law Define procedural law- law that prescribes the procedures and methods for enforcing rights and duties. Procedural law establishes the rules under which the substantive rules of law are enforced. 6. Define judicial law-law of or relating to a judgment, the function of judging, the administration of justice, or the judiciary a) State when federal court can review the decision of a state court on a legal question?

John Steinbecks The Pearl :: essays research papers

Kino lives in the shore with his family, he was a fisherman. When the morning comes he can hear the song of the family which includes the sounds of waves and animals that surrounded them. Juana his wife had a song too, an ancient song that had only three notes and yet endless variety of interval. One day their baby , Coyotito got stung by an scorpion a deadly poisonous, tiny creature the couple was panicked and didn’t know what to do. Their neighbors help them to get to a doctor but it seems that the doctor was very mean to poor people. There is this other song too which is the song of enemy, they heard it when they have a problems. There is this beggars actually, four of them in front of the church who knew everything in the town. They were students of expressions of young as they went into confession. When they got into the house of the doctor Kino hesitated a moment because this doctor was not of his people. The gate was closed a little and the servant refused to speak in t he old language. They never got to speak to the doctor with Kino’s anger. He struck the gate a crushing blow with his fist. Kino own a canoe which was owned by his Grandpa and give it to his father and passed to Kino it was the one thing of value he owned in the world. Kino found a pearl a silvery pearl he seemed to saw the great oyster for the first time. His wife was so very excited when he saw the pearl and she could not want to hold it. Before he found the pearl he heard the song of the pearl but in the song there was a secret, little inner song., hardly perceptible, but always there sweet and secret and clinging. The town lay on a broad, zstuary, its old yellow plastered buildings hugging the beach. On the beach the hungry dogs and the hungry plgs of the town searched cudlessly for any dead fish or sea bird that might have floated on a rising tide. The news that Kino found a pearl was all over the town. A town is like a colonial animal. A town has as nervous system and a head and shoulders and feet. Before Kino and Juana and the other fishers had come to Kino’s brush house, the nerves of the town were pulsing and vibrating with he news, Kino had found the Pearl of the World.

Globalization and Culture Change Essay

From a sociocultural anthropological perspective, by investigating how globalization affects different parts of the world we can build a better understanding of how global structures affect social and cultural practices. Globalization is the worldwide interdependence of economic and cultural activities through the interchange of worldviews, goods, beliefs, and other aspects of culture (Lalonde slide 22/01/13). To facilitate interdependence, globalization uses new technology, innovation, tourism, international trade, and the media to build and maintain a dominant global culture (Lalonde slide 22/01/13). In recent years, the process of globalization has hastened the destruction of small egalitarian cultures (Larkin and Robbins 2007). Using information conducted from three ethnographies, this paper discusses how globalization has impacted the culture of traditional societies. To narrow the focus, it will examine how globalization and the related process of modernization has contributed to culture change and will discuss each ethnography’s involvement within the World Systems Theory. The progress of society is introduced by the idea that â€Å"human history is the story of a steady advance from life dependent on whims of nature to a life of control and domination over natural forces† (Larkin and Robbins 2007:43). This notion of culture change assumes that technological advancement is the driving force of progress, and that traditional societies should become modernized because it is in their best interest to align with technological, economic, and sociocultural systems of western industrial nations (Lalonde slide 15/01/13). Modernization is characterized by â€Å"industrialization, consolidation of the nation-state, bureaucratization, market economy, technological innovation, literacy, consumerism, vertical mobility, and an open class system† (Lalonde slide 15/01/13). These processes help amplify globalization and support the assumption that â€Å"economic trade is the source of all well being† (Larkin and Robbins 2007:60). Traditional societies are pressured to become modern under the presumption that economic growth and integration will help solve national and global ecological/social problems, and foreign assistance to underdeveloped countries will create a better standard of living by helping them participate in global trade (Larkin and Robbins 2007). The belief that the social, political, and cultural, systems of western society should dictate how traditional societies should develop is a very egocentric view. What supporters of globalization fail to  recognize is that by supporting the modernization of small-scale civilizations â€Å"we may be eliminating societies whose systems of meaning hold solutions to compelling current world problems, such as environmental destruction, inter-group and intra-group conflict, poverty, and sickness† (Robbins and Larkin 2007:72). The World Systems Theory, developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, addresses culture change in relation to power (Lalonde slide 15/01/13). Unequal distribution of wealth and resources along with the capitalist mode of production contribute to the functionality of this theory. The world system divides the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries. The core countries are highly developed and use technology to increase capital development. In contrast, the periphery countries are least developed and are exploited by the core for their cheap labor and material. Semi-periphery countries lie between the core and periphery and are both exploited and engage in exploitation. The World Systems Theory relies on the commodification of goods, labor, nature, and human relations in the market for exchange value (Lalonde slide 15/01/13). Current neo-liberal economic policies that promote individualism, competition, and consumerism within a free-market have highly contributed to the acceptance of inequality and disparity globally enhancing the effects of the World Systems. The application of this theory will be discussed further later in the paper. In an ethnography of the Beng people, who reside in the village of Asagbe, in Cà ´te d’Ivoire, West Africa, American anthropologists Alma Gottlieb and Philip Graham recount their cultural engagement and reflect that their â€Å"presence [in the village] might actually be triggering a young man’s return to mental illness† (2011:38). Alma and Philip use an ethnographic approach to study the Beng culture, which includes participant observation, interviews, and the use of a key cultural consultant, Amenan. The ethnography written by Alma and Philip illustrates how modernization has had a negative impact on the Beng culture causing some men to refuse their cultural identity. Matatu, identifies himself in French as the â€Å"prime minister of Cà ´te d’Ivoire†, and refuses to speak the Beng language (Gottlieb and Graham 2011:38). Although unintentionally, the anthropologists contribute to the perception that the Beng lifestyle is less desirable than a modern lifestyle by arriving in Asagbe with cameras, typewriters, audio recorders and a vehicle. The goods show their â€Å"family’s privilege† and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"pushed in [Matatu’s] face how poor he is and will always be† (Gottlieb and Graham 2011:38). Contrasting the modernization of America with the underdevelopment of Asagbe, introduction of technology lead to a rejection of cultural identity, negatively altering the Beng perception of daily life. World systems theory can be applied to describe the culture change of the Beng men in relation to power. The anthropologist’s describe that the change of behavior Matatu and other Beng men displayed was a way to create â€Å"imagined power rather than face the near certainty of life long poverty†(Gottlieb and Graham 2011:51). When Matatu hypothetically â€Å"condemns people to death† he is symbolically representing and compensating for the domination of the core countries over the periphery in the World Systems (Gottlieb and Graham 2011:48). Matatu recognizes that exploitation of his country will continue to enable the core countries to remain in dominant power. The Beng society’s placement in the World System makes it is clear that systematic inequality and injustice due to unequal distribution of wealth and resources have negatively affected their daily lives by enabling them from achieving all basic human rights and needs. The ethnography conducted by anthropologist Liza Dalby, takes place on a rural island community in Japans Inland Sea. The ethnographic method’s used include: participant observation, interviews using a tape recorder, and questionnaires. Through Liza’s ethnography, globalization and the related process of modernization negatively affect the Japanese island community by causing the erosion of historical family member roles forever changing traditional family dynamics. Liza explains â€Å"eldest sons in small Japanese rural communities like this one are historically the inheritors of the family fields.†(2011:182). Because modernization implies urbanization, to younger Japanese citizens â€Å"the option of going to vocational school, or even college, and getting a white-collar job in a city was looking more attractive than staying on the farm† (Dalby 2011:182). The view that modernity is preferable to traditional culture is emphasized in the quote, â€Å"the modern young island girls who where bored to tears by it all couldn’t wait to hop on a boat to the nearby cities on Shikoku† (Dalby 2011:183). Modernization of Japan’s urban centers, including access to new technology such a s boats, dominant education systems, and white-collar jobs negatively affected the rural island community by causing the loss of group identity,  cultural heritage and diversity, and provides a system for further colonization and promotion a western model of the self. The world systems theory can be applied to explain the power relations between Japan and America. As a member of the core category in the world System, Japan is perceived as having advanced technology and complex products (Lalonde lecture 22/01/13). What is not always considered is that underdeveloped societies can exist within developed societies, and when governments assume that all markets in the country value the dominant economic view it monopolizes the production and sale of goods so smaller markets cannot function. On the Japanese Island, farmers were angry that the government was forcing them to import fruit in the open local markets (Dalby 2011). For Mr. H, a Japanese island resident and farmer, â€Å"California oranges were his adversary† (Dalby 2011:184). Mr. T’s opinion resembles the disadvantage of being associated with the core membership. Because globalization values economic trade as the source of well being, smaller markets like the one on Japan’ s rural island are often sacrificed to make room for more lucrative economic agreements. In the ethnography written by anthropologist Chris Boehm, he describes his encounter with the upper Moracha Tribe, in Montenegro, a country in Southeastern Europe. The ethnographic methods he uses to study the isolated tribe consist of participant observation and interviews. The ethnography about the upper Moracha Tribe discusses how globalization and Modernization are shown to negatively impact the village by creating unequal social relations between the tribe and their government. Once an unrestricted society, the ethnography reports that a small government police station was previously stationed in Moracha (Boehm 2011:101). In Montenegrin their â€Å"militantly socialist† government uses force to gain control (Boehm 2011:100). In opposition of government dominance, the Moracha Tribe became â€Å"tantamount to pirates† and engaged in violence, many local people saw â€Å"victims found at the bottom of cliffs†(Boehm 2011:100). Modernization via the introduction of a militant government sparked violence among Montenegrins and changed the way they interacted with their environment. In the capitalist World System Theory, Montenegrins are members of the periphery group causing them to be inherently exploited and oppressed. Historically, the introduction of capitalism can be linked to colonialism. Through imperialism, European colonization meant that foreign  power had cultural, social, and political control over the nations they conquered (Lalonde lecture 22/01/13). The colonizers used their power to exploit the land, resources, and labor, of their colonies to build economic wealth. To maintain this unequal distribution the capitalist mode of production and the world systems theory maintains the oppressive effects of colonialism. Therefore, the violence the Montenegrins display in regards to the actions of their government is also an indirect way of opposing the entire world system of inequality. Because no society can be isolated from the world system, globalization has made the actions of the Montenegrins not only a local individual message, but also a global political one. In conclusion, globalization discussed within the Beng community, the rural Japanese village, and Moracha tribe has caused irreversible damage to their traditional societies. Modernization has contributed to the rejection of cultural identity, heritage, and diversity, contributed to the erosion of traditional family dynamics and customs, and introduced modern political systems to egalitarian societies causing civil conflict changing the way citizens interact with their environment. Looking at cultural change in relation to distribution of power, the world systems theory made it clear that globalization enhances systematic disparity and the unequal distribution of wealth and resources, eliminates small market economies, and drives â€Å"small-scale societies to the edge of extinction [by] forcing them to enter civilization through the dark side of poverty, disease, and forced labor †(Robbins and Larkin 2007:72). Extinction of culture is black and white. To minimize the effects of globalization society must begin to value connection, cooperation, and equality, and continually reflect on how our individual actions affect others. References: Bohem, Chris 2011 Insult and Danger. In Being There: Learning to Live Cross-Culturally. Sarah H. Davis and Melvin Knonner, eds. Pp. 93-111. United States of America: Harvard University Press. Dalby, Liza 2011 Japanese Ghosts Don’t Have Feet. In Being There: Learning to Live Cross-Culturally. Sarah H. Davis and Melvin Knonner, eds. Pp. 35-52. United States of America: Harvard University Press. Gottlieb, Alma and Philip Graham 2011 Mad to Be Modern. In Being There: Learning to Live Cross-Culturally. Sarah H. Davis and Melvin Knonner, eds. Pp. 35-52. United States of America: Harvard University Press. Larkin, Sherrie, and Richard Robbins 2007 Cultural Anthropology: A Problem-Based Approach. Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd.

Homeless and Their Children

David F. Wiley English-111-OFA Summary and Response First Draft Jonathon Kozol, the writer of Illiterate America in 1985, takes time to study Illiteracy and poverty in America and he wrote a Novel in 1988 called â€Å"The Homeless and Their Children† where He told a story of a woman and her four children called Joanne (Kozol, 1985). Jonathan spent a lot of time to get to know Rachel and her children who lived in a homeless hotel in New York called the Martinique, which was located at Sixth Avenue and Thirty Second Street. This hotel was known to be the largest hotel for the homeless people in New York.Jonathan Kozol was enlightening the facts that there were so many homeless and illiterate people in America, giving the facts that at least one third of American citizens were affected. With Joanne’s illiteracy she couldn’t read her mail, didn’t know if it was important or if it was about her children and this made her very scared not knowing if she did the r ight thing for her children. Martinique Hotel is home to over 400 hundred families and 1200 children. The hotel itself is in a very dilapidated condition, and it’s like living in the slum.The conditions in the hotel were horrible, from walls that are were crumbling covered in lead based paint, to plumbing issues in the bathroom that has made raw sewage stand in pools on the floor, This was a terrible problem for Joanne and her children. They had 4 beds set up in one room that were on unprotected bed frames, which made a very unsafe for the children to sleep on. Joanne had a radiator that is was spewing hot steam which was located at eye level to some of the children. The crib for her youngest child who is only just months old was falling apart; this made Joanne worried for his safety.There were green mold looking smudges all over the walls from leaking plumbing from the rooms above hers. The lighting in the apartment is bright fluorescent lights that made it very hard on thei r eyes. The television set they have was borrowed and didn’t even really work at all and the antenna for the television set is a wire coat hanger. Joanne complained to the management of the Martinique Hotel and never received any help at all on any of the unbelievable problems she is faced with on a daily basis in her apartment that she has had to live in with her four children. Her oldest hild whom is 7 years old had been to the hospital a couple of weeks previously because of the sweet tasting lead based paint on the walls. † Kids will be kids† he had eaten some of the paint and got sick. The sad part that Joanne couldn’t read her mail so she didn’t realize in a mountain of mail that was piling up, one of the mail was from the doctor’s office telling her to bring the child back for follow – up to care on his lead poisoning issue. Joanne didn’t read the mail as she couldn’t, so she didn’t take her son for the follo w up doctor’s appointments that he needed.This is sad to see in this generation that we allow our American Citizens to fall as victims to homeless and illiteracy and living in devastating conditions. Our government needs to step up to investigate the problems. This article made me sick to my stomach. The more I read this article the angrier I became. This makes me wonder how America the richest and highest technology advanced nation in the world can just discard and leave the homeless un-attended as if they don’t exist. I have always had a soft heart for these people in need. This article has just made me more compassionate to the cause of helping those in need.It simply breaks my heart to know that we spend billions of dollars sending money and food all over the world to help all these other countries with their homeless and starving problem, but we aren’t close to solving solve the same problem in our own country. In the article it talked mentions about the tr emendous amount of rent she pay’s at the hotel like fifteen hundred dollars a month and it enrages me so much I can hardly contain myself while typing this. We as a nation have to make this cause of homelessness and illiteracy of our citizens a top priority.There is so much (me me me) of selfishness in our society that I am afraid this is something that will always be pushed as lower priority. Our leaders in this country give big speeches on big issues just so they can get into the office and once they make it to office they forget what they promised to the public they serve. I feel we as individuals can make a difference in life by not just thinking about ourselves only, but by doing the right things by, giving love, care and help to our fellow citizens in need. Bibliography Kozol, J. (1985). Illiterate America. Garden City, NY: Archer Press/Doubleday. Words: 864