History of Deforestation

History of Deforestation Introduction Deforestation was largely driven by the need to meet man’s needs. In the beginning, these were subsistence-based and individualistic; therefore, the level of destruction was not as enormous.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Deforestation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ancient populations highly depended on wood for fuel, and needed access to land for agriculture. The rise of industrialisation deflated pressures on forests for fuel, but technological developments caused commercialisation of tree-cutting. Patterns of deforestation since early modern times 1600s In the 1600s, deforestation was employed in order to provide man with land for agricultural use. Fire was the preferred method of forest balding among native populations. However, because the population was small, the effects of their activities were not as substantial at the time.1 Later on, European settlers started moving into areas that were previously dominated by natives. They regarded forests as features that needed to be removed. In fact, most farmers in those early times spent most of their time clearing forests, making fences and establishing a new system of agriculture. Implements were few and far between, thus making the methods of deforestation less dependent on technology. However the pioneer farmer was still well aware of the importance of his forests in his life. He did not plan on eliminating all forests because they were crucial resource points. They provided him with food for fuel and house fencing. Forests were also a rich source of nuts, berries and other products. Axmen did most of the clearing through direct cutting. Alternatively, they would cut vital elements of the tree in order to cause the upper part of the tree to fall off gradually.2Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More 1700s In the 1700s shipbuilding became a common activity. The birth of the naval store affected the pattern of deforestation in Britain. A naval store encompassed all those products that were needed in order to run ships. Sails, ropes and planks in the ships required products derived from trees. In the previous century, pioneer farmers had discovered the commercial value of certain tree products. Alongside the products, timber itself was sold to various households through community markets. The products that were derived from trees included tar, turpentine, pitch and potash; they could all be used for various purposes. A critical shift in the eighteenth century occurred when farmers in North America stopped relying on their own citizens to provide a market for their timber-derived products. These were exported to distant locations in Europe; exporting towns were all areas that firmly depended upon the existence of wood to operate. At that time, much of the economy revolved ar ound timber. In the 1600s, most naval supplies for the British navy did not come from North America; they emanated from the Scandinavian countries. However, this dramatically changed when the US was discovered as a source for the products.3 Hemp was obtained from the barks of trees after the trees had been cut off. Individuals would make incisions in certain parts of trees so as to facilitate the collection of the sap, which was later collected in barrels, distilled and sold. Actual use of wood for construction also contributed to massive deforestation in the US. Some of the planks would be employed in the creation of ships. These vessels were small but much in number. Constructors wanted to incorporate the risk of returning empty vessels. Alongside the ship industry, construction of log cabins or houses also contributed towards greater deforestation. Certain individuals built sawmills that would guarantee an ample supply of wood to their townsmen as well as to other external market s. In fact after 1720, numerous sawmills began flourishing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Deforestation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of them were based on contracts between local administrators and apprentices. They were supposed to engage in the deforestation of local trees for the local population first before they could use them for commercial purposes. After several of these sawmills came up, a thriving commercial wood industry emerged. Most of these mills were found very near the forest for convenience. A number of them were primitive in nature because they employed manual labour or simple fulcrums for movement.4 The latter types were powered using water sources and were more efficient than the former type. An export industry started to emerge around the felling of tress. The US began exporting planks and boards to various markets through its coastal towns. This was especially prevalent af ter 1775. Wood was a critical source of energy for most communities in the eighteenth century, and that contributed towards massive deforestation. At the time, most settlers relied upon the use of charcoal for their personal energy use. Iron smelters were one of the most vital consumers of wood in the late 1700s. Iron consumption was common in Britain as far back as the seventeenth century. However, production was low-cost in England because they had discovered coke as a source of energy.5 The same did not occur in the US. Most iron smelters relied upon wood for energy. Furnaces were constructed in a manner that necessitated the use of charcoal. In another part of the world i.e. Japan, forests were also used for a myriad of purposes. Some supplies would be utilised by the army while others were employed domestically for heating and cooking.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, a rapid rise in population meant that forests were inadequate to meet man’s needs. Leaders realized that they needed to alter their patterns of deforestation in order to make it sustainable. This country started a community forest management project that would spearhead the plantation of several tree species. Therefore this part of the earth was one of the initial countries to start reforestation projects. Environmentalism in Japan began in 1660 but intensified in the eighteenth century. Successes were reported years later, i.e. in the twentieth century. 1800s Fuel consumption levels were so high in iron-smelting furnaces thus making it imperative to fell massive acres of trees. In fact, pig iron led to forest recession and shortages in several parts of North America. A number of entrepreneurs had to abandon their furnaces because they lacked ample sources of coal. Usually, most furnace owners either leased or bought forested areas in order to cover their fuel needs. However, such activities contributed to the detriment of forests in approximately ten to fifteen years. Therefore, charcoal burners were responsible for this tragedy in the forests. Unlike their British counterparts, the Americans preferred to use this environmentally unfriendly method because the type of iron that coal made was in demand. Additionally, there was an abundance of wood in the US compared to Britain, which had already started experiencing shortages from as early as the 1600s. In the US, charcoal burning was done through creation of pits in forests. This had a sterilising effect on soil and prevented re-growth of trees in the future. Charcoal burning also ruined tree stands and changed their composition if the tree grew back. Land clearing for farming still continued in the US. However, farmers were sometimes overwhelmed by the amount of pasture land that they created after deforestation. They needed woodland for fuel and pasture for their livestock. Therefore, farmers needed to strike a balance between crop land and land to be used for pasture or woodlands. This continued into the 1800s. After 1860, some stakeholders realized that forests in the US were in danger and they began talking about it. Such individuals were especially concerned about the use of slash and burn techniques. 1900s Energy use in the 1900s changed dramatically, after the discovery petroleumbased products; a lot of pressure was taken off trees. Deforestation was done in order to obtain wood for construction rather than energy use. Additionally, the industrial era depended more on iron than on wood. Colonising countries wanted to preserve their own wood resources so they started tapping their colons’ resources. Deforestation in West Africa was commonplace. Other European countries also secured their own supplies of timber from countries such as Malaysia. The US started getting its resources from Brazil and the Philippines while Japan banked its own trees. It depended on Indonesia and other South Eastern countries.6 Therefore, one may assert that there was a global spread of deforestation. In less-developed parts of the world, tree cutting continued for farming purposes but also for commercial use. In developed nations, creation of paper, construction and other wood-derived products continued to perpetuate the needs for destruction of forests. After the 1960s, some improvements emerged because of the growth of environmentalists and other tree lovers. This caused a decrease in forest destruction and the use of wood alternatives.7 Differences between old and new patterns of use of forests Tree cutting in the old era was done in order to meet immediate needs. Commercial uses of timber were not a priority for those communities. Most wanted to access farmland and provide pasture for their livestock. Since there was plenty of wood supply, most ancient communities did not give much thought to their tree- cutting activities. Therefore, one might add that d eforestation was done on a subsistence level. Individuals lacked the machines and technology needed to engage in massive deforestation. Additionally, because populations were still low in number, forest use was minimal in nature.8 However, current patterns reveal that most deforestation is commercially-based. It is driven by enterprises and can thus prove to be more detrimental than the old approach. Even if deforestation is done for agricultural purposes, one may find that these attempts are often state sponsored and are done in order to facilitate large-s scale agricultural production. Cases such as Indonesia and Brazil are ideal examples of this new pattern of forest use. Their governments actively promoted rural development through construction of roads and commercial agriculture. This is quite different from the kind of forest destruction that was done by European settlers in the US. Their major concern was to meet their immediate needs. Globalisation is also another theme that can be found in new patterns of forest use but not in old ones. Although some wood-derived products were transported to Britain from the US, it was evident that in the seventeenth century, most forests were to be used by locals. Furthermore, it was the locals who did most of the deforestation; they only exported the derivatives of those products to other nations. In new patterns of forest use, distant countries initiated deforestation in different states. Therefore, the process took on an international dimension. For instance, the United States sourced its products from Brazil while Japan sourced its products from Indonesia. This reflects the globalization of deforestation and the need for self preservation. Most developed nations wanted to bank their forests while still enjoying the benefits of wood products. The spread of deforestation may have been caused by international stakeholders just as much as it was caused by locals.9 New patterns of forest use are also different from ol d patterns because current endeavours reflect conservation policies. Many environmentalists have spearheaded efforts in various sectors that directly or indirectly depend on deforestation for survival. These individuals have contributed towards the minimisation of unwarranted forest destruction. Such environmentalists did not exist in the ancient times. Developments in energy sources and technology have minimised the use of trees as sources of fuel in developed nations. This was not true in the past since coal was a vital cause of deforestation. Logging was often done in order to meet energy needs domestically and commercially. Smelting of iron and other industrial related needs took place through wood- derived fuels. Currently, forests are useful for the creation of certain products. However, these products cannot be created from certain parts of trees; they must come from the large scale elimination of trees. Therefore, while new patterns of forest use may have been propelled by o ther needs, they still present a serious threat to forests.10 Conclusion Man has always seen forests as a means to an end; trees enable him to meet his needs. However, changing technological advancements and needs altered the patterns of forest use. Some of the objectives that motivated man to cut trees were eliminated in subsequent times while new ones came into existence. This explains the prevalence of globalisation (international sourcing of wood) and large scale deforestation as trends in forest use today. Bibliography Braudel, F, The Structures of Everyday Life, Harper and Row, New York, 1979. Brimblecombe, P and Pfister, C, The Silent Countdown, Springer, New York, 1990. Cronon, W, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England, Hill and Wang, NY, 1983. Dargavel, J, Fashioning Australia‘s Forests, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1995 Goudie, A, The Human Impact on the Environment, 2d ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986 Radkau, J, Nature and Power: A Global History of the Environment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008. Schama, S, Landscape and Memory, Alfred Knopf, New York, 1995. Thirgood, J, Man and the Mediterranean Forest: A History of Resource Depletion, Academic Press, New York, 1981. Williams, M, Americans and their Forests: A Historical Geography, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,1989. Williams, M, Deforesting the Earth: From prehistory to global crisis, University of Chicago press, Chicago, 2003. Footnotes 1W Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England, Hill and Wang, NY, 1983. 2 S Schama, Landscape and Memory, Alfred Knopf, New York, 1995. 3 M Williams, Deforesting the Earth: From prehistory to global crisis, University of Chicago press, Chicago, 2003. 4M Williams, Americans and their Forests: A Historical Geography, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,1989. 5 P Brimblecombe and C Pfister, The Silent Countdown, Springer, New York, 1990. 6 J Radkau, Natur e and Power: A Global History of the Environment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008. 7 A Goudie, The Human Impact on the Environment, 2d ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986. 8 J Dargavel, Fashioning Australia‘s Forests, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1995. 9 F Braudel, The Structures of Everyday Life, Harper and Row, New York, 1979. 10 J Thirgood, Man and the Mediterranean Forest: A History of Resource Depletion, Academic Press, New York, 1981.

How to Write an Advertisement Critique Essay

How to Write an Advertisement Critique Essay Writing an Advertisement Critique Essay What is an advertisement critique essay? How to start an advertisement analysis: Tips on how to start How to write an outline How to write a thesis for an advertisement critique essay How to write an introduction Tips on how to write an introduction and thesis How to write body paragraphs Tips on body writing How to finish an advertisement critique essay Tips on conclusion writing Advertisement analysis revision: Tips on revision Advertisement critique essay sample Advertising plays an important role in todays world. There are people who depend on advertising for their livelihood while others have built multi-billion dollar companies from advertising. It is estimated that in a year, people spend up to $450 billion and for the U.S. accounts for a third of the above amount. Therefore, advertising is indeed an important sector. What is an advertisement critique essay? The above information is essential for an essay writer to develop their advertisement analysis. However, one should, first of all, understand what an advertising analysis is as well as its main features. An advertising critique essay can be described as a paper whose aim is to deeply examine an ad and provide a comprehensive analysis of the same. Its features are not different to that of other essays because it will have an introduction with a thesis statement, a body with several topic sentences, and finally a conclusion. However, you need to ensure your writing focuses solely on the ad and that you provide your verdict on the ad. How to start an advertisement analysis: Tips on how to start Every accomplished writer will tell you that starting an essay is the most difficult stage. The start will always present you with some challenges. However, as you keep writing, you grow as a writer and your increased experience will help handle and tackle any kind of paper. To start an advertisement analysis, consider the following tips: Choose an ad you understand and like to write on. Ensure you are familiar with the product being advertised. Vaguely describe the ad. Look at the ad keenly and note everything you find interesting or that captures your attention. Develop an argument you wish to express in your paper. Develop an outline. How to write an outline An outline is simply a map or a prototype of your paper. It should encompass your main ideas as well as anything you wish to have in your paper. It should also be structured into an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. This is essential because it helps you define the information that goes into each segment. Make your outline brief but thorough. This will help to make your work easier because you will simply be filling up data or information. Separate your points and make sure each stands on its own. How to write a thesis for an advertisement critique essay As already stated, you cannot write about an ad you do not understand. Therefore, first know what a thesis statement is and what it does before you get to how to write it. A brief explanation is as follows: a thesis statement is a statement carrying your main argument or the point you wish to express to your audience. The basic things you need to understand here include: Make it brief and clear. Ensure it is detailed enough to communicate your main point or argument. How to write an introduction An introduction is the most important part of your paper. It not only draws the attention of your readers but also ensures they are interested enough to read the entire article. You, therefore, need to ensure it is as interesting as possible. You should also make it brief but detailed enough to capture and communicate your main argument. The above simply means you need to include your thesis statement. Tips on how to write an introduction and thesis To better explain what the above section is communicating, consider the following tips: Start with a hook. A hooks aim is to capture the attention of your audience; it is always the first or second sentence. Provide a general summary of the ad. This includes the company, the product, etc. Include your thesis statement in your introduction. How to write body paragraphs Body paragraphs mainly build on your thesis statement. They help to expound your argument further by using other smaller arguments. While writing the body paragraphs, you need to ensure that each paragraph begins with a topic sentence. Topic sentences are then followed by supporting sentences which simply provide support or evidence to your topic sentences. Tips on body writing Use topic sentences to start your paragraphs. Typically the body should be 3-5 paragraphs long unless stated otherwise. Cite any information you include and that is not your original idea. Mention or indicate the ads targeted audience. Mention some of the strategies used in the ad to make it more appealing to the audience. Provide the textual strategies used in the ad. How to finish an advertisement critique essay In the conclusion, you need to recap or provide a summary of your paper including the arguments used in your paper. You also need to have a restatement of your thesis statement. The finishing of a paper is indeed important. You need to make it memorable and in a way that will be difficult for your audience to forget. Tips on conclusion writing For an advertisement critique essay, you need to consider the following tips as you write your conclusion: Recap your article by providing a small summary of your writing. Restate your thesis statement. Provide recommendations on how the ad could be improved. Discuss implications of the ad on the cultural, political, social aspects of the society. Advertisement analysis revision: Tips on revision Revising your articles should be an important and mandatory step as a writer. Revising means re-reading your article and correcting any mistakes you find in your essay. While revising your paper consider the following tips: Use online grammar checkers to help you correct some of the punctuation and grammatical errors. Give a trusted friend or family member your article to read and to offer genuine feedback. Cite any piece of information which is not original. Advertisement critique essay sample Coca-Cola is by far the most profitable soft drinks company. The company is not only adaptive but also keeps reinventing itself which makes it more adorable and gives the customers little chance of ignoring their products. Their new advert dubbed Taste the Feeling is indeed reminiscent of the company’s prowess in ensuring that clients keep buying their products. The ad is not only appealing but also prompts one to go get a Coca-Cola bottle. The Taste the Feeling ad not only and successfully unites all of the company’s products but also helps to showcase why the company is where it is. First of all, the ad is simple and is also fitted with appropriate captions which seek to explain every moment that could be spent with an ice-cold Coke. The audience is obviously the young consumers or the millennials whose lifestyle could accommodate the taste of Coca-Cola. It is also fair to say that the ad does achieve its purpose and goes ahead and uses characters whose lifestyle is reminiscent of the target audience. Secondly, the ad appeals to the emotions of everyone who is watching by including a series of emotionally charged moments. In all these moments, the ad shows a coke being enjoyed thus helping to calm the characters’ nerves down or to simply help them enjoy the moment more. Here, the company was trying to make secure its position as the leader in the soft drinks industry. Additionally, one can say that the company was also trying to endear itself to the customers even more. Thirdly, the message was also clear and one could sense the pleasure of drinking Coca-Cola. The goal was trying to show how the drink makes moments special and more even more nostalgic. By using this mode or direction of advertising, it is possible to get or to grasp the attention of viewers. Everyone will simply be wishing for the specialness of having an ice-cold Coca-Cola bottle whenever they are having or thinking of special moments. In conclusion, it is difficult to get a negative aspect of the ad. It not only captures one attention but also unites the products of the company. The theme which is simple and catchy is also something that is unforgettable and therefore, helps to make it more appealing. It is indeed difficult to beat this particular ad and other companies ought to be aware.

Project Management Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Management Leadership - Assignment Example The organization breakdown structure prods the Mason department manager to minimize spending $2,340 on labor cost. The same structure necessitates the carpentry project manager to avoid the same $ 2,900 labor cost in future activities. Further, organization breakdown structure matrix process entails scheduling the work assigned by two bosses. For example, two project managers use only one carpenter (Hartline, 2011). The two bosses will agree to divide the carpenter’s time through cooperation and contribution activities (Scott, 2011). Project management eliminates ambiguous roles and defines cost and profit responsibilities (Drucker, 1986). Question 2. When running a project to which people are temporarily assigned while reporting to their own bosses (matrix organization), the project manager updates the department managers about what the assigned department personnel are required to work on. The project manager must build a good relationship with the department personnelâ€⠄¢s boss. The good relationship ensures the same project manager can count on the help of the department bosses to get the entire project work accomplished in the shortest possible time (Lewis, 1995, p. 92). Without the good relationship, both the project managers and the department managers will not attain the entity’s performance benchmarks or goals. Managers better manage their organizational responsibilities using the matrix organization breakdown structure. In terms of theory, organization breakdown structure (OBS) is defined as the breaking down of the skill sets of the people who do the work. At any level of breakdown, the structure pinpoints responsibility for products delivery and the skill sets involved as shown in the two dimensional matrix (Turner, 2009, p. 9). Understandably, the average worker gives more loyalty to their department managers compared to their loyalty to the project team leaders. The project team leader must exert all possible efforts to persuade the team members to exert more efforts to the accomplishment of their temporary project objectives (Lewis, 1995, p. 12.) |Question 3. The project manager negotiates with the resource and provides for the use of the providers’ resources. The project manager offers payment for the use of the providers’ resources. The payment will entice the providers to accept the project manager’s request. The company will pay cash to the providers. Furthermore, the project manager will explain that the manager’s expertise in all aspects of project management is enough to ensure maximization of the providers’ resources (Phillips, 2012). In addition, the project manager must retain a good working relationship with the department managers in order to receive the required high quality labor resources (Lewis, 1995, p. 12). Question 4- DVD Marketing. Basically, project management enhances the entity’s competitive advantage over the competitors. Project managementà ¢â‚¬â„¢s matrix organizational breakdown structure (OBS) helps management make decisions using time and cost factors. The project’s scope of work includes controlling labor and equipment expenses. Expense reduction allows price reductions. Price reductions increase client demand. DVD Marketing allows costs reduction by pinpointing responsibility for

Argument Essay Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Benefits of Legalized Marijuana - Research Paper Example The evidence demonstrates that legalizing cannabis for medicinal in addition to general purposes would prove a benefit to society, evidence which is well-known throughout the scientific, political and public arena but this collective knowledge has yet to be acted upon. The economic feasibility of decriminalizing marijuana has become a much-discussed subject in recent years. The federal government presently spends a lot of capital on law enforcement to combat distributors and producers of drugs. By legalizing drugs this could eradicate much of the profit, bloodshed, and corruption of that trade. If legalizing drugs is to have a positive effect on the crime rate, drugs must be made both inexpensive and available. Studies have repetitively suggested that prohibiting marijuana in the U.S. has not shown to be efficient or effective. According to the Drug Policy Alliance, â€Å"U.S. ... â€Å"Many critics argue that the increased toughness of that policy has done more harm than good. Some go so far as to suggest that drugs should simply be legalized† (Caulkins, et al. 2005). If marijuana were legalized, governments would have the ability to regulate quality and, like alcohol, the ages allowed to purchase and the ability to add safety warnings to help educate users. People in this country who only use small amounts of marijuana have routinely been arrested and jailed for mere possession; actions that don’t take drugs off the streets or persuade more people to quit using them. At the same time, imprisoning those who possess marijuana creates a burden on society as tax dollars must be increased to support these people who are no longer free to secure employment outside prison. The domino effect of this circumstance puts more children and their families onto the welfare role, contributing to their consequential failure and dependence on society. (â€Å"En gland.† 2006) â€Å"In the United States, drug use is illegal and the police hunt down drug users to throw them in prison. Four thousand people died from illegal drugs in the US last year and we now have more than 600,000 people in prison on drug charges.†Ã‚  

The Impacts Of Tourism On National Parks Tourism Essay

The Impacts Of Tourism On National Parks Tourism Essay Tourism is a growing industry, and may bring diverse impacts upon popular locations. The impacts of tourism can be positive or negative, affecting economic, social and environmental spheres in certain areas. Around the U.K there are 15 National Parks with beautiful areas of mountains, moorlands, woods and wetlands (National Parks 2011). A National park is an area of countryside protected by government (usually relating to the environment) that everyone can visit. Different, non-governmental organisations also look after the landscape, wildlife and assess impacts from tourism, serving to further achieve sustainability (outcomes of tourists). This includes the Environmental Act 1995, which stated two main purposes for National Parks in England: conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the area and promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the environment. National Parks also aim to boots the economy of the area and social well being for the local community (Nationa l Parks 2011). Moreover, despite Government intervention, impacts on tourism are still greatly felt in National Parks especially in terms of (mainly) negative impacts on the environment. The most famous and largest National Park in the U.K would be The Lake District. The Lake District area contains 16 lakes, more than 150 high peaks and is the only National Park in England with over four 3000 foot mountains (Ledingham, 2007). The Lake District attracts more than 12 million visitors every year by the variety of different locations and natural beauty (Wyatt, 2009). However, tourism contains the seeds of it own destruction (Weaver, 2001: p24). Mass-tourism can have both positive and negative impacts on the landscape and upon local communities. As much as tourism brings many benefits to an area (especially for the economy), mass tourism is likely to cause environmental degradation (physical, social etc) on some level. This is the argument that tourism can essentially destroy itself in the over-use of relatively small areas. Therefore, this essay aims to demonstrate and critically analyse the economical, environmental and social impacts of tourism on the Lake District and to review past and present legislative measures designed to reduce the possibly negative effects of increased tourism in an area. Economic Impacts The main aims in developing Cumbria in terms of economic is to equip local authorities and partners with a common understanding of local economic conditions and economic geography and of the social and environmental factors that impacts on economic growth (Cumbria 2011). This shows that The Lake District is a key target to achieve economical growth whilst following the decree of sustainable development, to meet not only needs in terms of area development, but also to look for the right approach for the community in general. As Park (2007) stated: sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Park, 2007). Latest data from Cumbria Tourism indicate that in 2009 there were 5 million overnight visitors to Cumbria as well as 36 million day trippers (Peck, and Mulvey 2010). It is estimated that these visitors generate a total of  £2bn to the Cumbrian economy and support over 32,000 jobs (Peck, and Mulvey 2010). Tourism is the main creator of employment and economical stability in The Lake District, by creating tourist attractions and developing the infrastructure such as hotels, restaurants and different facilities. This creates a multiplier effect as increases in spending from tourists produces an increase in the economy of an area. Moreover, this increase in tourism in The Lake District helps to generate work for local people, however, this may create more low-skilled (and thus low paid) jobs such as car park attendants or waiters and many of these jobs are also seasonal. Nevertheless, unemployment in Cumbria reached a plateau at just over 2.5% in 2008, though latest figures for Octobe r 2010 indicate that there are 7,525 applicants on Job seeker allowance which represents 2.4% of total working population (Peck and Mulvey 2010). In some cases, this may be due to seasonality as more jobs are likely to be available during the summer months. The Lake District also generates much environmental interest in tourism. For example The Osprey has provided a formidable boost in tourism, and in 2007 attracted half a million visitors. Moreover, around 100,000 people visit ospreys each season generating  £1.68m, of which  £420,000 was re-invested in the osprey project (Kenmir, 2008) The Lake District projects protect the environment through tourist spending, which also boosts the economy of this particular area (e.g. creating new jobs). Conversely, tourism can have a negative impact upon The Lake district. Due to the amount of people visiting each year the local goods are becoming more expensive because tourists are able to pay more for products (National Parks 2011). Therefore, this impacts heavily upon the locals as their salaries may not cover the costs of the products this may lead to locals resenting large tourist influxes. Moreover, low wages levels have led to a gap between local incomes and house prices the average in the National Park  £314,730 which, as an mean, is fairly high (Lake District 2011). However, Government policy towards this issue is to balance environmental control and landscape capacity i.e. through constructing new accommodation and by meeting local needs by making living more affordable (Moss, 2010). Nevertheless, as much as the increase in the amount of visitors in The Lake District generates huge amounts of revenue, a lot of this income goes in refurbishment and in protecting the environment from daily visits. Environmental Impacts The Lake District is one of the biggest National Parks in the U.K and the outstanding natural environment brings in over 12 million tourists every year, with many of the visitors being international. In early 1883 whilst The Lake district was being developed, The Lake District Defence Society was created to protect the region from damaging human development in an age of railways and the emergence of mass tourism (Sutton, 2007). In recent years there has been an increase in the numbers of short breaks and off-season breaks in the Lake District, as more people take their main holidays abroad (LDNPA, 2005). Moreover, the visitors who are staying in the National Parks are seeking out different types of holidays and experiences (LDNPA, 2005). There has been a rise in active sports, for example water sports as shown in the case study of Windermere lake, however, power boats, jet skis etc. were causing damage to the natural environment through pollution of the lake and physical disturbance of the wildlife in the area. Therefore, one of the legislative measures put forward by the government was a 10mph limit on the lake to reduce this disturbance and reduce the environmental impact upon Lake Windermere (BBC 2005). However, this had negative impacts on the economy of The Lake District. When the speed limit was imposed, demand of tourists visiting this destination decreased specifically for this reason (i.e. water sp ort activities were therefore indirectly abolished). This specific facility was a high source of income for this area however, by reducing the willingness of tourists to visit this place, it has decreased the income generated less income may result in less funding for environmental projects. Due to the main form of transportation of visitors to the Lake District being the car, with limited parking areas and spaces, traffic congestion and pollution from cars is damaging the environment (Foulerton, 2009). Car use, and other road transport make up the largest single part of carbon emissions within the National Parks, and these emissions are growing 1% per year (Foulerton, 2009). The local transport system is poor which encourages the majority of residents and tourists get around by cars. However, the overall aim in the Lake District is to reduce the need to travel by cars by improving the transport system (Lake District, 2011b) For example, buses have less of an impact on the environment e.g. such as Oxfords hybrid Brookes buses which comply with the Euro 5 standard (EC, 2010). This may be achieved by encouraging services and goods to be available locally and reduce the need to travel throughout e.g. by promoting the public to cycle, walk and use The Lake District transport ation (Lake District, 2011b). Moreover, increases in parking spaces for tourists, as this can also generate more jobs. As an example from personal experience, in Zermatt, Switzerland, the government ordered a enormous car park located in Tà ¤sch, 5km from the Matterhorn mountain, forcing tourists to use train services to reach the location. Moreover, the use of cars in this area was banned in order to protect the environment. Since 1947, only electric cars without a combustion engine were allowed to operate in the Zermatt (President of the Zermatt Tourist Board 2011). In addition the negative impact of tourism is damage to the landscape in terms of litter, erosion, fires and vandalism (Cumbria, 2011b). In order to protect the environment the government is increasing the amount of recycle bins place around the area and is setting up different educational events which promote good environmental practice e.g. repairing footpath erosion (LDNPA, 2005). Social Impacts Government is making decisions and are improving the area of the Lake District in term of economical benefits and environmental protection. However, all this impacts is experienced by the social community (i.e. people who actually living there all time, not just during the holidays). Therefore, Government outline on social inclusion, public participation and the new planning system or Local Development Framework are encouraging new audiences; young people, urban populations and minority groups including people with disabilities, finding new and better ways for actively involving people in decision-making (LDNPA, 2005). This strategy would help local citizens to share their opinion and ideas on how to improver or what should be done. Therefore, the aim is to enable local residents and tourism business, to have a greater say in the development of tourism in their own area (LDNPA, 2005). This means listening more carefully and engaging people more effectively. This is an opportunity for everyone to be involved in the review of The Lake District tourism development policies through the local development frameworks (LDNPA, 2005). Through the improvement of economic in the Lake District it has an impact upon the social community in negative and positive way. Tourism is a key attribute in the Lake District which producing a jobs to the locals. Moreover, economical benefits because of a cash- flow with in The Lake District area. However, generally it is low paid part-time and seasonal (Moss, 2010). In addition there is a lack of start up businesses and business premises, due to the low-skilled job, employers have problems recruiting locally (Moss, 2010). Government producing education programme, which enables to deliver the second purpose of National Park in terms of understanding and enjoyment of their special qualities (LDNPA, 2005). Therefore, this approach helps to produce the jobs in terms of tour guide as well as lectured and day course informing tourists about the are and heritage of the National Parks. In addition, the potential for WHS (Worlds Heritage sites) is to bring social and community benefits to Cumbria and Lake District (ERS, 2006). If the economical target will be achieved and managed in the right way, throughout attracting the tourists to the WHS areas, these would results in social and community benefits, particularly in increase in the quality of life for residents (ERS, 2006). Conclusion The essay has discussed an impact from tourism in the Lake district in terms of economic, environment and social. All the impacts are linked in order to stabilize each impact government is making different policies to protect the environment. Therefore, tourism is the main creator of employment and economical stability in The Lake District, in order to protect the environment the area should generate income. Moreover due to the 12 million of visitors each year The Lake District is developing in terms of infrastructure also through the tourists and projects for example The Osprey it helps to keep environment protected. However, due to increase in tourism the impact from cars (i.e. emission) it has an negative impact in the area, therefore, making the better transport system with eco-friendly transportation may facilitate and encourage visitors to travel through the public transport. Moreover, in terms of social impacts and low-skilled/paid jobs due to seasonality, local community faci ng a problem to start up local businesses because employers, have problems in recurring locally. Therefore, government should invest and support local businesses to increase the quality of life for particular areas. In order to develop the tourism attractions and places government should find new and better ways for actively involving people in decision-making.

Law Enforcement Today Essay

There are several issues that face police departments today, too many to possibly count, however I believe that there are quite a few that are small and would be better focused on within the department. Now there are some that could be solved on a larger scale. I am going to define and review a few issues that do affect police departments and provide my own opinion on what could be done to change them to show positive results. Now local and county police only job is to keep the peace and serve and protect. If there were no police then crime would run wild, there would be absolute anarchy and chaos. Police is necessary to ensure the survival of the human race. The United States Department of Homeland Security and local, federal, and state law enforcement agencies are working together to assist in the prevention of crime, or at least trying to do so. The DHS has integrated several ways to share information and they boast it is one of the key elements of their strategy. For federal officials, the post-9/11 threat environment requires a trusted partnership among federal, state, and local agencies to make information sharing integrated, interconnected, effective and as automatic as possible in order to ensure our national security. Additionally, numerous governmental, commercial, and non-governmental organizations provide officials with homeland security alerts, updates, and databases to support preparedness efforts. Now I am in no way a expert on this situation, however I believe that it should not stop at just information sharing. While this helps abundantly in several different ways, I believe that it should go far beyone just sharing information. I think that local law enforcement should be tied to the DHS and report to this office on a regular basis. This would help with different strategies on how to effectively reduce crime as well as share information on a more personal level between agencies. The issues that current police face, in my own opinion are that many police departments are facing budget problems, forcing them to cut their police force down. Many officers are being asked to do things they normally don’t do such as patrolling etc. Police departments are also facing increasing crimes due to the poor economy. More people are engaging in criminal activities because they have more free time as they are not working. It has often been in the mind of some individuals that if they cannot buy it they will take it. All crime is a form of theft if you think about it, and to some people stealing something would be much easier than actually taking the time to work for and buy it. Also police departments across the United States are poorly understaffed, and cannot recruit the people needed to manage the ongoing crime in this country. Police departments would have an easier time recruiting if a cop’s life were the way it’s depicted on the big screen, however very few police officers live in million-dollar homes and they don’t always get the bad guy. So police recruiters can’t offer the prospect of a perfect life of happiness and victory to prospective officers, but departments across the country are short-staffed and they’re aggressively competing for candidates. I know that in my own town there are an adequate number of police officers, however in a town that is just 90 miles away they cannot seem to keep a viable police force. I think that if the DHS were to assist with this and the federal governments were to offer police officer’s a better salary then people would flock to become cops. As it is now, the only real reason to become a police officer is to help, and sadly that is not the way our current society is these days. Sharing information is not the only thing that can aid in the struggle to fight this war on crime, everybody must work together to achieve the common goal of happiness and prosperity of all humans. Now this will never be attained as that is just unrealistic, however if you work toward the goal then you will often get close. In conclusion I believe that if police officers were offered more money then there would be a greater supply of police and this would in turn be able to tighten police patrols and effectly put a tighter strain on criminal activity. There are a lot of problems that face police today, however we are moving in the correct direction.

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